In the new millennium global aquaculture production
continued to grow. World’s population has doubled within the last 40 years.
Humans are born each day about 220,000. To fulfill the demand of food some of
the parts of natural resources of capture fish have very destructive fishing
practice. In this situation people is realizing necessity to inland fish
farming. Tilapia is the most appropriate
species worldwide. In 21st
century commercial hybrid male monosex tilapia farming has become a common
practice worldwide such as China, South East Asia, Africa and Latin America. According to FAO statistics of 2010, the total
world production of tilapia (culture and capture) has increased from 2,551,579 metric
tons in 2004 to 3,553,076 metric tons in 2008.
Why farming of Tilapia?
Grow Fast.
Able to utilize natural foods.
Resistant to disease.
Very hardy.
Tolerant to overcrowding.
Tolerant to fluctuating water temperature 12 to 35⁰ C.
Tolerable dissolve oxygen 2.0 to 8.0 mg/l;
Nursing of Tilapia
fry:
 |
| Nursery Pond |
Collect hybrid male monosex tilapia fry from renowned
hatchery size in 0.15 to 0.35 gm. Stock in a newly prepared nursery pond. Use
net barrier around the nursery pond before stocking that protect fries from
snakes and frogs. 0.2 to 0.25 hector
size ponds are suitable for nursing. Stocking density for best result can be 200000
to 250000 per hectare. Fish have to feed with 30-35% protein
formulated feed as per demand daily three times for 45 to 50 days. In the
nursing period fries become size 15 to 20 gram then prepared to stock in the
culture ponds.
TILAPIA NURSERY FEED
FORMULATION FOR 100 KG FEED
|
|||||
R.M. / Item
|
Protein %
|
Proportion %
|
Crude Protein %
|
Rate/KG
|
Amount
|
Fish
Meal
|
60
|
30
|
18
|
0
|
0
|
Mustard
Oil cake
|
36
|
20
|
7.2
|
0
|
0
|
Rice
Polish
|
12
|
40
|
4.8
|
0
|
0
|
Wheat bran
|
18
|
10
|
1.8
|
0
|
0
|
Vitamins
& Minerals
|
0.2
|
0
|
0
|
||
100.2
|
31.8
|
0
|
|||
Culture Pond Preparation and stocking:
There
is no restriction on pond size for tilapia culture. For best management and operation,
size can be 0.40 to 4 hector. Regarding clay percentage in soil should be very
careful, minimum 20% clay required to reduce the loss of water by gravitational
force. Average depth for culture pond
might be 1.5 to 2 meter. Ponds with drains are recommended for tilapia culture;
otherwise, it is not possible to harvest all of the fish. The pond bottom
should be dried before stocking fingerling for culture in a pond. Geographic
range for culture tilapia in pond s depends on temperature.
The
preferred water temperature for optimum growth for tilapia is 27⁰ to 30⁰C.
Growth
diminishes at the temperature below 20⁰ C.
Lose
resistance to disease at the temperature below 12⁰ C.
Tilapia
dies at the temperature below 10⁰ C.
 |
| Dried culture pond |
Ponds
water loss through continuous evaporation. To fulfill the evaporated water in
pond needs a good quality of water sources like river, canals or deep tube
wells. Evaporate rate can an average
rate 2.5 cm/day, required rate to fulfill inflow water at least 3
liters/second/hectare.
Before
filling water pond should be liming and fertilizing, Lime 250-300 kg/hectare,
Cattle dung or poultry manure @ 2000-3000/hectare. After filling with fresh water,
fertilize pond with urea and triple super phosphate 50 kg per hectare at the
ratio 1:1.After preparing the pond stock monosex tilapia fingerlings size in 15
to 20 grams at the rate of 25000/hectare.
Feeding:
In
the commercial tilapia culture pond required fed with formulated feed. Feeding might be 2 to 3 times daily. Optimum
level of protein percentage in the growing tilapia is 25 to 30%.
TILAPIA CULTURE FEED
FORMULATION FOR 100 KG FEED
|
|||||
R.M. / Item
|
Protein %
|
Proportion %
|
Crude Protein %
|
Rate/KG
|
Amount
|
Fish
Meal
|
60
|
20
|
12
|
0
|
0
|
Mustard
Oilcake
|
36
|
20
|
7.2
|
0
|
0
|
Rice
Polish
|
12
|
45
|
5.4
|
0
|
0
|
Wheat bran
|
18
|
15
|
2.7
|
0
|
0
|
Vitamins
& Minerals
|
0.2
|
0
|
0
|
||
100.2
|
27.3
|
0
|
|||
Every
15 days interval growth performance should be check with sampling and adjust
the feeding rate. According to demand feed can be enhance gradually as below-
DAILY
FEEDING
|
|||||
2-3 TIMES
|
|||||
DAY
|
DATE
|
POND E1/KG
|
POND E2/KG
|
POND W1/KG
|
POND W2/KG
|
1
|
6/3/2012
|
6
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
2
|
7/3/2012
|
6
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
3
|
8/3/2012
|
6
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
4
|
9/3/2012
|
7
|
12
|
11
|
11
|
5
|
10/3/2012
|
7
|
12
|
11
|
11
|
6
|
11/3/2012
|
7
|
12
|
11
|
11
|
7
|
12/3/2012
|
8
|
13
|
12
|
12
|
8
|
13/3/2012
|
8
|
13
|
12
|
12
|
9
|
14/3/2012
|
8
|
13
|
12
|
12
|
10
|
15/3/2012
|
9
|
14
|
13
|
13
|
11
|
16/3/2012
|
9
|
14
|
13
|
13
|
12
|
17/3/2012
|
9
|
14
|
13
|
13
|
13
|
18/3/2012
|
10
|
15
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
19/3/2012
|
10
|
15
|
14
|
14
|
15
|
20/3/2012
|
12
|
17
|
16
|
16
|
Harvesting:
 |
| Monk to dry out the pond |
After
4 to 6 months of culture period tilapia become market size 250 to 300 grams in
the tilapia culture pond. To harvest all of the fish from pond can be drying
out the pond.
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